ACTH(4-10) raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
This page was last updated on 2025-11-08 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
纯度评估以反相高效液相色谱为主，通过主峰面积百分比给出粗略结果，再配合电喷雾质谱核对分子量。氨基酸分析可验证组成比例，手性色谱或毛细管电泳用于检查残基构型。常见杂质包括缺失序列的短肽、氧化产物与二聚体。由于多数市售品不附带完整检验报告，独立第三方检测常被用来核实标称值。
从分子层面看，Semax 是线性七肽，没有二硫键、糖基或脂链修饰，N 端为游离氨基，C 端为游离羧基。分子含组氨酸与谷氨酸侧链，因此在水和甲醇等极性溶剂中溶解良好，在非极性溶剂中溶解有限。计算分子量约为 814 Da，与其质子化离子的质荷比吻合，可用于质谱确认。
Laboratory descriptions of the material are consistent across suppliers. It appears as a white to off-white lyophilized powder that dissolves readily in water and in polar organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. Aqueous solutions are clear and colorless at low concentrations. Because the peptide contains methionine, oxidation at the sulfur atom is a recognized degradation pathway, and handling notes usually call for protected, desiccated storage. Reported purity for research-grade lots is generally above 95 percent as measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
The compound is registered in Russia as a pharmaceutical product, most commonly formulated as a nasal solution, and has been used in that setting since the 1990s. Outside that jurisdiction it is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. Regulatory status therefore differs sharply between countries, and material sold internationally may not correspond to the Russian pharmaceutical formulation. Documentation with commercial samples is typically limited to a certificate of analysis covering purity and identity, not clinical status or local legal classification.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 分子式 | C37H51N9O10S | 游离碱形式 |
| 等电点 | 约 6.5 | 估算值，随缓冲体系变化 |
| 主要降解途径 | 水解与氧化 | 侧链氧化最为常见 |
| 溶液储存 | 2 至 8 摄氏度避光 | 避免反复冻融 |
| 常规分析手段 | 反相色谱与质谱联用 | 氨基酸分析辅助核对 |
多数实验室与市售的 Semax 以冻干粉形式提供。冻干粉通常建议保存在 -20 °C 或更低温度下，同时避免光照与反复升温。短期运输有时采用冷藏条件，但长期保存仍以冷冻为主。分包操作应尽量减少开盖次数，以降低吸湿和微生物污染的风险。开封后若未一次用完，建议在干燥环境中密封并尽快放回低温储存。
溶液状态的稳定性明显低于冻干粉。肽类在水溶液中可能经历水解、氧化与聚集，其中甲硫氨酸和天冬酰胺等残基常是敏感位点。Semax 含有甲硫氨酸，因此氧化风险相对突出。工作液一般主张现配现用，或冷藏并在数日内用尽。缓冲液种类、pH 和离子强度都会影响降解速率，而关于最佳条件的公开数据并不统一。
Laboratory work points toward modulation of neurotrophic signaling, particularly expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in hippocampal tissue. Studies also describe effects on monoamine turnover, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative markers. These observations come mainly from animal models and cultured cells, so the causal chain in humans is not firmly established. Whether the reported molecular changes translate into measurable clinical benefit is an open question. Reviews generally present the mechanism as plausible rather than demonstrated.
Clinical evidence consists largely of small trials with modest sample sizes, often without independent replication. Reported endpoints include cognitive scores, recovery after stroke, and visual function, but study designs vary widely and few trials meet contemporary reporting standards. Systematic reviewers have noted a high risk of bias in several of these reports. No large multicenter trial conducted outside Russia has been published. The compound is therefore best described as investigational in most jurisdictions, with its clinical role still unresolved.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its chain combines the first seven residues of corticotropin with a C-terminal proline-glycine-proline extension, a modification intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The free peptide has a molecular mass near 813.9 daltons. It belongs to the class of ACTH-derived fragments studied for central nervous system activity rather than for adrenal steroid stimulation. This structural relationship to a natural hormone fragment is the usual starting point for describing the compound in the literature.
Common degradation pathways include oxidation of the methionine side chain, hydrolysis of the peptide backbone, and aggregation under unfavourable pH or concentration. Stability studies typically monitor the main peak by chromatography and report total related substances as a percentage. Because no official monograph exists, acceptance criteria vary between laboratories, and reported purity values are not directly comparable across suppliers. Analysts therefore document the method, column, and detection wavelength alongside each result, and open questions remain about how much biological activity the oxidised forms retain.
Solid semax is typically supplied as a lyophilised powder that is hygroscopic and sensitive to moisture, light, and repeated temperature cycling. Long-term storage of the dry peptide is generally recommended at approximately -20 degrees Celsius, while shorter working periods may use refrigeration at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius. Vials should remain tightly closed and desiccated when brought to room temperature, because condensation can damage the material before it is weighed. Dividing a batch into aliquots is preferable to thawing one container repeatedly.
The compound was developed during the 1980s at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow as part of research on fragments of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Early work examined short ACTH-derived sequences that retained neurotrophic effects while lacking the endocrine activity of the full hormone. Semax entered clinical use in Russia during the 1990s, where it received registration for several neurological indications. Outside that region it remained primarily a laboratory research material rather than an approved therapeutic. English-language literature on it grew more slowly and frequently cited the original Russian studies.
Terminology around the compound varies by source. It appears in catalogues and papers as Semax, as the heptapeptide ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro, and under various alphanumeric laboratory codes used by individual suppliers. These names refer to the same sequence but may imply different salt forms, purity grades, or counter-ions. Peptide databases usually list the free base mass, while product descriptions sometimes report acetate or trifluoroacetate salts with a different formula weight. Because naming conventions for research peptides are not standardised across vendors, checking the declared sequence and measured mass is more reliable than relying on a trade name alone.
== Economics == The neon tetra was first imported from South America and was described by renowned ichthyologist George S. Myers in 1936, and named after William T. Innes. P. innesi is one of the most popular aquarium fish, with about 2 million sold in the US each month. Most neon tetras available in the United States are imported from Southeast Asia, where they are farm-raised, or to a lesser extent from Colombia, Peru, and Brazil, where they are collected from the wild. With the exception of home aquarists and a few commercial farms that breed neon tetras experimentally, captive breeding on a commercial scale is nonexistent in the USA.
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== Bibliography == Elyse; Houde, Alain (2002). "La PCR en temps réel: principes et applications" (PDF). Reviews in Biology and Biotechnology. 2 (2): 2–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-12. Bustin, SA (2000). "Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays". J Mol Endocrinol. 25 (2): 169–193. doi:10.1677/jme.0.0250169. PMID 11013345. Higuchi, R.; Dollinger, G.; Walsh, P.S.; Griffith, R. (1992). "Simultaneous amplification and detection of specific DNA-sequences". Bio-Technology. 10 (4): 413–417. doi:10.1038/nbt0492-413. PMID 1368485. S2CID 1684150. Holland, P.M.; Abramson, R.D.; Watson, R.; Gelfand, D.H. (1991). "Detection of specific polymerase chain reaction product by utilizing the 50 !30 exonuclease activity of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88 (16): 7276–7280. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.7276H. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.16.7276. JSTOR 2357665. PMC 52277. PMID 1871133. Kubista, M; Andrade, JM; Bengtsson, M; Forootan, A; Jonak, J; Lind, K; Sindelka, R; Sjoback, R; Sjogreen, B; Strombom, L; Stahlberg, A; Zoric, N (2006). "The real-time polymerase chain reaction". Mol. Aspects Med. 27 (2–3): 95–125. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2005.12.007. PMID 16460794. Higuchi, R.; Fockler, C.; Dollinger, G.; Watson, R. (1993). "Kinetic PCR: Real time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions". Biotechnology. 11 (9): 1026–1030. doi:10.1038/nbt0993-1026. PMID 7764001. S2CID 5714001. Filion, M. (2012). Quantitative Real-time PCR in Applied Microbiology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-908230-01-0.
Squadron Leader Iain Roderic Gillespie (2618287), (Retired). Warrant Officer Anthony John Gough, , (N1944467). Corporal (now Acting Sergeant) Alistair Colin Green (B8213475). Warrant Officer Michael John Hatch (M0593513). Squadron Leader Mark William Gardner Hopkins (2625781). Warrant Officer William James Cameron Kearney, , (D1949781). Sergeant Gary Kennedy (L8001367). Sergeant Roy Martin (A8015128). Warrant Officer Brian David Medland (R1949361), (Retired). Corporal (now Acting Sergeant) Kevin John Mulloy (F8201300). Corporal Ian William Partington (T8153337). Squadron Leader Vivienne Alexandra Sim (2797569), (Retired). Warrant Officer Keith Alexander Smith (P8089172). Squadron Leader Steven Glynn Smyth (8025529). Warrant Officer Barry Walch (U4287360). Junior Technician Peter Allan Wildman (D8410829). Squadron Leader Timothy Andrew Wilkinson (5203138). Master Aircrew Alistair John Woolfson (T8018944). Civil Division Kenneth Elliott Ackerley. For services to Physically Handicapped People. Graham Clifford Adams, Storekeeper, Manufacturing Division, Rolls-Royce & Associates plc. For services to the Automobile Industry. William Aitken. For services to the community in Aberdeen. Anne Aldred, Revenue Assistant, Board of Inland Revenue. Richard John Alibone, Senior Professional Technical Officer, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Lieutenant Commander Peter Douglas Allen, Royal Navy (Retd.), Retired Officer 2, Ministry of Defence. Yashwanti Chandrakant Amlani. For services to Community Relations in Bristol. Ann McCall Amos, Personal Secretary, Ministry of Defence.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Bibliography === Jamaluddin, Ahmad Badawi (2007). PENGGUNAAN UBATAN TRADISIONAL DI PASAR TAMU DAN PASAR BESAR DAERAH TAWAU, SABAH: SATU TINJAUAN [USE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN WEEKLY MARKET AND MAIN MARKET IN TAWAU DISTRICT, SABAH: A REVIEW] (PDF). Conservation Biology Program School of Science and Technology (Thesis) (in Malay). pp. 1–27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2025. Retrieved 2 June 2025 – via Universiti Malaysia Kelantan. Kustiariyah (2007). "TERIPANG SEBAGAI SUMBER PANGAN DAN BIOAKTIF" [SEA CUCUMBER AS A FOOD AND BIOACTIVE SOURCE]. Indonesian Journal of Aquatic Product Technology [Buletin Teknologi Hasil Perikanan] (in Indonesian). X (1): 1–8. Archived from the original on 1 June 2025. Damaiyanti, Dian Widya (2015). "Karakterisasi Esktrak Air Teripang Emas (Stichopus hermanii)" [Characterization Of Water Extract Gold Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanii)]. Denta (Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi) (in Indonesian). 9 (1): 1–8. ISSN 1907-5987. Archived from the original on 2 June 2025. Text is licensed by DENTA (Journal Kedokteran Gigi) under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Vaitilingon, Devarajen; Smith, Stuart; Watson, Guy; Miller, Tim; Alattas, Syed; Ong Hock, Keat; Zainoddin, Jamari; Zaidnuddin, Ilias; Azhar, Hamzah (2016). "Sea cucumber hatchery seed production in Malaysia: From research and development, to pilot-scale production of the sandfish Holothuria scabra" (PDF). SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin (36): 67–75. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2021 – via Sustainable Aquaculture Research & Development (Mauritius).
=== Fluorescent detection === Fluorescence spectroscopy is one of the most common droplet detection techniques. It provides a rapid response, and, for applicable analytes, it has a strong signal. The use of fluorescence spectroscopy in microfluidics follows a similar format to most other fluorescent analytical techniques. A light source is used to excite analyte molecules in the sample, after which the analyte fluoresces, and the fluorescence response is the measured output. Cameras can be used to capture the fluorescence signal of the droplets, and filters are often used to filter out scattered excitation light. In microfluidic droplet detection, the experimental setup of a fluorescence instrument can vary greatly. A common setup in fluorescent droplet detection is with the use of an epifluorescence microscope. This sometimes utilizes a confocal geometry, which can vary depending on experimental needs. For example, Jeffries et al. reported success with exploring an orthogonal confocal geometry, as opposed to a standard epi geometry. However, other setups for fluorescence detection have been explored, as epifluorescence microscopes can be expensive and difficult to upkeep. Cole et al. have proposed and tested an experimental setup with fiber optics to conduct fluorescence analysis of microfluidic droplets. Fluorescence detection of droplets has a number of advantages. First, it can accommodate a large and fast throughput. Analysis of thousands of samples can be conducted in a short period of time, which is advantageous for the analysis of a large number of samples.
Moreover, although it has been established that ethanol modulates ion channels to mediate its effects, ion channels are complex proteins, and their interactions and functions are complicated by diverse subunit compositions and regulation by conserved cellular signals (e.g. signaling lipids). Alcohol is also converted into phosphatidylethanol (PEth, an unnatural lipid metabolite) by phospholipase D2. This metabolite competes with PIP2 agonist sites on lipid-gated ion channels. The result of these direct effects is a wave of further indirect effects involving a variety of other neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems. This presents a novel indirect mechanism and suggests that a metabolite, not the ethanol itself, could cause the behavioural or symptomatic effects of alcohol intoxication. Many of the primary targets of ethanol are known to bind PIP2 including GABAA receptors, but the role of PEth needs to be investigated further.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Mechanical interlocking ==== The bioadhesives have the ability to diffuse and penetrate the pores and irregularities in the surface it is adhered to which forms a close interlock. This increases the contact area of the too surfaces and results in an increase in adhesive force. In bioinspired adhesive systems the application of Chitosan, was used as a bridging polymer in a 3D hydrogel network to perform topological wet adhesion. By creating strong physical bonds between synthetic materials, by creating non covalent bonds between H bonds. It was shown that Chitosan causes rapid cohesion 1000 J·m⁻² by 3 and 2000 J·m⁻² by 10 min. Chitosan diffuses and soaks which causes chitosan to move into the polyacrylamide mesh and weave themselves through. Chitosan penetrates deep as ~ 25 μm in tendon and skin after 10 min and 1h of compression respectively.
=== Thai Sang Thai Party === Thai Sang Thai was reduced to a single party-list seat. On 12 February Sudarat Keyuraphan announced that she would resign as party leader, saying that "there is no place for idealists" in Thai politics.
The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; the reverse side is unique to this medal. Some awards have been controversial. This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy, bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment. Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award. The 1952 prize to Selman Waksman was litigated in court, and half the patent rights were awarded to his co-discoverer Albert Schatz who was not recognised by the prize. Nobel prizes cannot be awarded posthumously. Also, no more than three recipients can receive a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, a limitation that is sometimes discussed because of an increasing trend for larger teams to conduct important scientific projects.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
电喷雾或基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱是常用手段，测得的质子化离子质荷比可换算为分子量。结果与理论值落在合理误差内，才支持结构一致的判断。
甲硫氨酸侧链含硫醚，在氧气、光照或金属离子存在时容易被氧化。氧化产物极性略增，常在色谱图上表现为主峰之前的肩峰或前伸峰。
通常建议冷藏避光，并在较短时间内使用。不存在适用于所有配方的统一期限，具体取决于浓度、缓冲体系与容器材质。
It is registered as a pharmaceutical product in Russia, where it is typically supplied as a nasal solution. In most other countries it is not an approved drug and is traded as a research chemical instead. Approval status depends entirely on the jurisdiction involved.